- Kilonova and supernova spectroscopy to uncover their nucleosynthesis and progenitors
- High-redshift galaxy spectroscopy to uncover the galaxy formation process
- Metal-poor galaxy spectroscopy to uncover the first-generation galaxies in the Universe
- High-redshift quasar spectroscopy to uncover the origin of supermassive black holes
- Metal-poor star spectroscopy to uncover the nucleosynthesis in the early Universe.